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Study of Chinese Learners' Pedagogical Choices in Korean In addition to learner-internal factors CLKs' awareness of the need to be pragmatic and the relationship advantages they had access to were crucial. Researchers from TS and ZL, for example were able to cite their relationships with their local professors as a major factor in their rational decision to avoid criticism of a strict professor (see example 2). This article reviews all local pragmatic research on Korean published until 2020. It focuses on the practical fundamental topics like: Discourse Construction Tests The test for discourse completion is a popular instrument in pragmatic research. It has many strengths but it also has some disadvantages. For example the DCT is unable to account for cultural and individual differences in communication. The DCT can also be biased and lead to overgeneralizations. Therefore, it is important to analyze it carefully prior to using it for research or for assessment purposes. Despite its limitations, the DCT is a valuable tool for analyzing the relationship between prosody, information structure, and non-native speakers. The ability of the DCT in two or more stages to alter the social variables that are related to politeness is a plus. This feature can be used to study the effect of prosody across cultural contexts. In the field of linguistics, the DCT is now one of the most significant instruments for analyzing learners' behavior in communication. It can be used to investigate numerous issues, like politeness, turn-taking, and lexical choices. It can be used to evaluate the phonological complexity of learners speaking. Recent research used an DCT as an instrument to test the refusal skills of EFL students. The participants were given an array of scenarios and asked to select an appropriate response from the options offered. The researchers found that the DCT was more effective than other measures to stop people from refusing such as a questionnaire or video recordings. However, the researchers warned that the DCT should be employed with caution and include other types of methods for collecting data. DCTs are typically developed with specific linguistic criteria in mind, like content and form. These criterion are intuitive and are based on the assumptions of the test developers. They are not necessarily precise, and they could misrepresent the way that ELF learners actually reject requests in actual interactions. This issue calls for more research into different methods of assessing refusal competence. A recent study has compared DCT responses to requests made by students via email with the responses gathered from an oral DCT. The results revealed that DCTs favored more direct and traditionally indirect request forms and utilized hints less than email data. Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs) This study investigated Chinese learners' pragmatic choices when using Korean. It used a variety of experimental tools including Discourse Completion Tasks, metapragmatic questions and Refusal Interviews. Participants were 46 CLKs with upper-intermediate proficiency who gave responses to DCTs and MQs. They were also asked to consider their evaluations and refusal responses in RIs. The results revealed that CLKs frequently chose to resist native Korean pragmatic norms, and their choices were influenced by four primary factors: their personalities, their multilingual identities, their ongoing life histories, and relationship affordances. These findings have implications for pedagogy for L2 Korean assessment. First, the MQ data were examined to identify the participants' rational choices. The data were categorized according to Ishihara's (2010) definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, the responses were compared to their linguistic performance on the DCTs to determine if they showed a pattern of resistance to pragmatics or not. Interviewees also had to explain the reasons for choosing the pragmatic approach in certain situations. The results of the MQs, DCTs and z-tests were examined using descriptive statistics and Z tests. It was discovered that the CLKs often resorted to phrases like “sorry” and “thank you.” This could be due to their lack of experience with the target language, which resulted in an inadequate understanding of korea pragmatic norms. The results showed that CLKs' preferences to differ from L1 and L2 norms or to be more convergent toward L1 differed based on the DCT situations. For example, in Situation 3 and 12 the CLKs would prefer to diverge from both L1 and pragmatic norms while in Situation 14, they favored converging to L1 norms. The RIs also revealed that the CLKs were aware their pragmatic resistance in each DCT situation. The RIs were conducted one-to-one basis within two days of the participants completing the MQs. The RIs, which were transcribed and recorded by two independent coders who then coded them. The coding was an iterative process, in which the coders listened and discussed each transcript. The coding results were then compared to the original RI transcripts, giving an indication of how the RIs were able to capture the fundamental behavior. Refusal Interviews (RIs) The key question in pragmatic research is: why do some learners refuse to accept native-speaker norms? Recent research has attempted to answer this question with several experimental tools including DCTs MQs and RIs. The participants comprised 46 CLKs, 44 CNSs and 45 KNSs from five Korean universities. They were asked to perform the DCTs in their native language and complete the MQs in either their L1 or their L2. Then, they were invited to attend a RI where they were required to think about their responses to the DCT situations. The results showed that, on average, the CLKs resisted the pragmatic norms of native speakers in more than 40% of their answers. They did this despite the fact that they could create patterns that resembled native ones. They were aware of their practical resistance. They attributed their choices to learner-internal factors such as their personalities and identities that are multilingual, as well as ongoing life experiences. They also referred to external factors like relational benefits. For instance, they outlined how their relationships with professors led to more relaxed performance in regards to the linguistic and intercultural rules of their university. The interviewees expressed concern about the social pressures or consequences they might face if their local social norms were violated. They were concerned that their native interlocutors might view them as “foreigners” and think they were incompetent. This was a concern similar to the concerns voiced by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009). These findings suggest that native-speaker pragmatic norms are not the default preference of Korean learners. They may still be a useful model for official Korean proficiency tests. Future researchers should consider reassessing the validity of these tests in various cultural contexts and specific situations. This will allow them to better understand the impact of different cultures on the classroom behavior and interactions of students in L2. Additionally it will assist educators to develop more effective methodologies for teaching and testing the korea-based pragmatics. 프라그마틱 불법 is principal advisor to Stratways Group, a geopolitical risk consultancy based in Seoul. Case Studies The case study method is an investigational strategy that relies on participant-centered, deep studies to study a specific subject. It is a method that utilizes numerous sources of data to back up the findings, such as interviews and observations, documents, and artifacts. This kind of investigation can be used to study specific or complicated subjects that are difficult for other methods of measuring. In a case study the first step is to clearly define both the subject and the objectives of the study. This will help determine what aspects of the subject are important to study and which could be left out. It is also useful to study the literature to gain a general understanding of the subject. It will also help place the case within a larger theoretical framework. This case study was based on an open source platform, the KMMLU leaderboard [50], and its specific benchmarks for Korea, HyperCLOVA X and LDCC-Solar (figure 1 below). The results of the test revealed that the L2 Korean students were highly vulnerable to native models. They were more likely to choose incorrect answers that were literal interpretations of prompts, deviating from accurate pragmatic inference. They also showed a strong tendency of adding their own text or “garbage” to their responses. This lowered the quality of their answers. The participants in this study were L2 Korean students who had achieved level four in the Test of Proficiency in Korean TOPIK in their second or third year at university and hoped to achieve level six on their next attempt. They were required to answer questions regarding their WTC/SPCC, as well as pragmatic awareness and comprehension. Interviewees were presented with two hypothetical situations that involved interaction with their interlocutors and were asked to choose one of the strategies listed below to use when making an offer. The interviewees were asked to justify their decision. Most participants attributed their pragmatic opposition to their personalities. For instance, TS claimed that she was hard to get close to, and therefore did not want to inquire about her interactant's well-being with a heavy workload, even though she believed that native Koreans would do this.